If your kids ever brought home some Oobleck from school, you had a glimpse of a long-standing scientific controversy. Next time, you can just have fun with it, knowing that the argument is over. Cornell physicists have finally explained what makes Oobleck so weird.
Oobleck 鈥 named by the creators of the popular grade-school project for a gooey substance that fell from the sky in a Dr. Seuss story 鈥 is just a thick solution of cornstarch in water, but it鈥檚 not as simple as that sounds.
It鈥檚 a 鈥渘on-Newtonian鈥 fluid that doesn鈥檛 respond to outside forces the way you鈥檇 expect. The harder you stir it, the thicker it gets and the more it resists your stirring. Hit it hard enough, say with a hammer, and it instantly hardens enough to shatter.
On YouTube you can find videos of people running across pools filled with Oobleck: The pressure of a foot striking the surface causes the liquid to thicken under it enough to support the runner.
This phenomenon, called 鈥渟hear thickening,鈥 occurs in materials made up of microscopic solid particles suspended in a fluid. Important examples of this type of material include drilling mud used in oil wells and fluid used to couple automobile transmissions to the wheels. One type of body armor uses a solution of polymer particles soaked into porous fiber; ordinarily flexible, the impact of a bullet turns it solid. Shear thickening is a challenge in many industrial processes where the goal is to get fluids to flow smoothly.
Even in the simplest system of particles suspended in a liquid, however, there is still a debate about the mechanism for thickening. One proposed theory is that friction between the solid particles locks them into configurations that resist the flow; the other is that as particles are pushed closer, resistance from draining the liquid between them slows down their movement and locks the particles into clusters.
The debate has continued for decades because there is no way to observe directly what鈥檚 happening at the nanoscale. So Itai Cohen, associate professor of physics, and his team came up with an experiment in which behavior in the everyday world reveals what鈥檚 happening deep down inside. They report their results Nov. 24 in the journal Physical Review Letters.
If fluid being pushed out from between the particles is what鈥檚 slowing down movement, they reasoned, then when the shearing force is reversed, it will generate the same resistance since the fluid needs to flow back in; if it鈥檚 just solid particles bumping into each other, then as soon as the shearing force is released the contact stress between them will disappear. The immediate response to a sudden change in shear force will answer the question.
To observe that effect they employed 鈥渟hearing reversal,鈥 using an apparatus that inserts a probe into a test fluid and shears it just long enough to cause thickening, and then quickly reverses to pull in the opposite direction. Delicate sensors on the shaft measure the fluid鈥檚 instantaneous resistance to being pushed or pulled. They used a 鈥渓aboratory grade鈥 suspension of spherical microparticles to isolate the effects of particle interactions; too much else is happening in ordinary Oobleck.
The experiment showed that there was negligible resistance pulling back. This means that while the liquid does flow out as particles come together and back as they separate, the resulting force does not account for the actual thickening resistance. The contact force dominates, so friction between particles is the primary mechanism for shear thickening.
鈥淜nowing the underlying mechanism, we can design industrial processes to handle these fluids better and can 鈥榯une鈥 the properties of a fluid by adjusting the friction of the microparticles,鈥 said graduate student Neil Lin, first author of the paper. Another way to tune the effect is by varying the concentration of the nanoparticles, so 鈥淣ow we have two knobs to turn,鈥 he said.
The Cornell researchers collaborated with physicists at the University of Edinburgh. The research was primarily supported by the National Science Foundation.
This story also appeared in .
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